Inner sphere complexes are ions, which adsorb in the inner Helmholtz plane. There is spectroscopic evidence that these ions come so close to the surface that, e.g., water molecules from a hydration shell have to be removed from the contact plane. Since adsorption of ions on an increasingly charged surface requires energy from bonding, one speaks of specific adsorption.

A modulated 1:1 layer silicate with a continuous edge-sharing, Mn-rich octahedral sheet, and an interstratified continuous tetrahedral sheet consisting of 8-, 6-, 5-, and 4-member tetrahedral rings that cross link the octahedral sheet (Krüger et al., 2014). The chemical composition is ideally Mn₃₃(Si₂O₅)₁₄(OH)₃₈. The type locality, near Tyrol, Austria, is located between a serpentinite and chert body, and it appears that the Mn-rich sediments were deposited in deep water and metamorphosed.
Cf., bementite, pyrosmalite, varennesite.

Materials that are poor conductors of electricity.
Syn., dielectric

A thermodynamic property that is independent of the amount of a substance, such as the property of heat capacity.
Cf., extensive property

Intercalation is a general term to describe the movement of atoms, ions or molecules into a layered host structure, often a swelling clay mineral. This process can be reversible or non-reversible. The host-structure layers are essentially unchanged with the inserted material going between the layers. The layers must remain semi-contiguous via stacking. Intercalation commonly involves cation exchange or solvation reactions. Intercalation may involve, for example, H₂O molecules or surfactants of single planes (monolayers) to paraffin-type layers between the layers of the host phase. The resulting structure is an “intercalated structure”.
See delamination, exfoliation. (From AIPEA Nomenclature Committee, 2011, unpublished)

In optical crystallography, an interference color results with crossed polarizers where light enters an appropriately crystalline medium and refracts (separates into two ray fronts); thus, each wave front travels at slightly different velocities with a change in both speed and direction. Upon leaving the medium, the wave fronts interfere (recombine) and produces a component of light where there is a difference, or retardation, between the two wave fronts. This difference results in a change in wavelength in the final wave front, which produces a change in color, called an interference color.

A general term that implies either the region between the two adjacent layers or the relation between the two adjacent layers (quot Guggenheim et al., 2009). “Interlayer distance” is more precise to describe the distance between the adjacent layers (tetrahedral sheet to tetrahedral sheet, as shown in Fig. 2), and is measured by taking the average of the z coordinate of the basal oxygen plane. The “interlayer displacement” describes the displacement portion or lateral shift from tetrahedral sheet to tetrahedral sheet across the interlayer space. Cf., layer, layer displacement

A general term that implies either the region between the two adjacent layers or the relation between the two adjacent layers (quot Guggenheim et al., 2009). “Interlayer distance” is more precise to describe the distance between the adjacent layers (tetrahedral sheet to tetrahedral sheet, as shown in Fig. 2), and is measured by taking the average of the z coordinate of the basal oxygen plane. The “interlayer displacement” describes the displacement portion or lateral shift from tetrahedral sheet to tetrahedral sheet across the interlayer space.
Cf., layer, layer displacement

Figure 2. Illustration of terms used to describe interlayer, layers,
and intralayer topologies. From Guggenheim et al. (2009).

For phyllosilicates, interlayer material separates the 1:1 or 2:1 layers and generally may consist of cations, hydrated cations, organic material, hydroxide octahedra, hydroxide octahedral sheets (see fig. 2), and/or hydroxy-interlayers as a combination of H₂O and hydroxyl-coordinated cations. The interlayer material offsets the net negative charge of the layer. In certain cases (e.g., talc, pyrophyllite, where the net layer charge is zero), there is no interlayer material, and an interlayer separating the layers is empty. After Guggenheim et al. (2006). Cf., layer; hydroxy-interlayer

For phyllosilicates, interlayer material separates the 1:1 or 2:1 layers and generally may consist of cations, hydrated cations, organic material, hydroxide octahedra, hydroxide octahedral sheets (see fig. 2), and/or hydroxy-interlayers as a combination of H₂O and hydroxyl-coordinated cations. The interlayer material offsets the net negative charge of the layer. In certain cases (e.g., talc, pyrophyllite, where the net layer charge is zero), there is no interlayer material, and an interlayer separating the layers is empty. After Guggenheim et al. (2006).
Cf., layer; hydroxy-interlayer