CAH phases are widely used in the Portland cement industry to enhance the hardening effect of Portland cement. For example, “celite” (Ca₃Al₂O₆, “C₃A”) is a non-hydrated calcium aluminate and a CAH phase, as is tetracalciuminate (Ca₄Al₂O₇. 19H₂O), a hydrated CAH phase. Lime (CaO) has been used for centuries as a stabilizer for soft clay treatment and improvement. It is generally believed that lime can slowly react with clay minerals to produce CSH and CAH phases that act as binders to contribute to the strength development of clayey soils.
Cf., calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) phases

Calcium silicate (CS) phases are common to clinker. CS phases are mainly formed by heating calcium carbonate (e.g., limestone for Ca) together with aluminum silicate (e.g., any available clay minerals for Si, Al) phases to temperatures to >1200^oC. In practice, often marls, which are low in cost, are used as they combine carbonates and 2:1 layer phyllosilicates. Typical CS phases are “alite” (Ca₃SiO₅, “C₃S”), “belite” (Ca₂SiO₄, “C₂S”), or “celite” (Ca₃Al₂O₆, “C₃A”). These phases are responsible for the hardening effect of cement as they hydrate under the addition of water forming CSH phases.
Cf., calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) phases, clinker

CSH phases are formed from calcium silicate (CS) phases [e.g., “alite” (Ca₃SiO₅, “C₃S”), “belite” (Ca₂SiO₄, “C₂S”), jennite (Ca₉Si₆O₁₈(OH)₆·8H₂O) and tobermorite (Ca₅Si₆O₁₆(OH)₂·4H₂O or Ca₅Si₆(O,OH)₁₈·5H₂O)] by hydration, and these phases are responsible for the hardening effect of cement. Common CSH phases are calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and ettringite (Ca₆Al₂[(OH)₁₂(SO₄)₃] . 26H₂O). Lime (CaO) has been used for centuries as a stabilizer for soft clay treatment and improvement. It is generally believed that lime can slowly react with clay minerals to produce CSH and CAH phases that act as binders to contribute to the strength development of clayey soils.
Cf., calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH) phases, clinker, calcium silicate (CS) phases, hardening

A commercial product consisting of sodium phosphate sometimes used as a dispersing agent for clays in aqueous suspensions. In this application, sodium phosphate buffers the solution and phosphate ions preferentially adsorb to clay edges. Both processes aid in dispersion of the clay. Calgon® is a registered trademark of The Calgon Corporation.

A commercial product composed of silicon carbide that is used as an abrasive in cutting, grinding and polishing applications. Carborundum® is a registered trademark of The Carborundum Corporation.

Carlosturanite is a rare antigorite-like mineral that apparently contains vacant tetrahedral sites which interrupt the continuity of the tetrahedral sheet without affecting the continuity of the octahedral sheet (Mellini et al., 1985). The structure is thus similar to a modulated serpentine. To maintain charge balance, OH groups substitute for O atoms. The generalized formula is M₂₁[T₁₂O₂₈(OH)₄](OH)₃₀. H₂O, where M = Mg, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Ti⁴⁺, and Cr³⁺, and T = Si, Al. Alberico (1998) showed that there are problems with the model of Mellini et al. (1985), and suggested the need to reexamine the structure. Important occurrences are related to low grade metamorphic (serpentinite) environments.
Cf., antigorite

See hydrotalcite group.

Solid fine to very fine-grained substances, e.g. clay minerals, with the following properties: 1. negligible dissolution within the active material, 2. able to bind the active substance by sorption, and 3. capable of releasing the active material under specific conditions. Smectite, talc, and other clay minerals are used as a drug carrier or a carrier for pesticides.

A modulated layer silicate based on the serpentine structure, with an approximate ideal composition of Mn²⁺₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄. Fe, Mg, and Al can substitute for Mn. There is an apparent excess of Si and an apparent deficiency in octahedral composition on the basis of oxygen atoms. Earlier literature sometimes described caryopilite as bementite, but it has been shown that they are separate species. A monoclinic polytype is dominant and small amounts of a trigonal phase are often intergrown. Caryopilite, like greenalite, is an “island” structure where Si-rich tetrahedra of a given layer have apical oxygen atoms coordinate to one octahedral sheet and others to the adjacent sheet (Guggenheim and Eggleton, 1998). The islands are saucer- shaped with some islands inverted, and the islands are domed. Island diameters depend on composition with larger-diameter islands having smaller average octahedral cation sizes (4 tetrahedral-ring diameters in greenalite, 3 rings in caryopilite). Island domains are randomly displaced within layers. “Baumite”, a mixture of several phases, contains a phase, probably Zn,Mg-rich, that is intermediate in domain structure to greenalite and caryopilite. Caryopilite is commonly found in bedded manganese deposits, such as those at the North Chichibu belt in the Shikoku region, SW Japan.
Cf., greenalite

A poorly defined material, possibly mica and manganoan andradite.