An obsolete term for zinnwaldite.

A member of the palygorskite-sepiolite group with a composition of approximately Na₃Mn₃Ti_0.25 (Si₈O₂₀) (OH)₂^. 10(H₂O).
See palygorskite-sepiolite group

See groutite.

A method commonly used to describe phyllosilicates, where a set of related polytypes is designated by a single name, usually a species name or a group name, followed by a structural symbol suffix that defines the layer stacking differences (after Guinier et al., 1984). The symbolism is based on the number of layers (first part of the suffix), which is followed by an italicized capital letter that defines the crystal system: C (= cubic), H (= hexagonal), T (= trigonal with hexagonal Bravais lattice), R (= trigonal with rhombohedral Bravais lattice), Q (= quadratic or tetragonal), O (= orthorhombic, previously Or), M (= monoclinic), and A (= anorthic or triclinic, previously Tc). A subscript “d” indicates disorder and a subscript “1″ or “2″ indicates that another polytype exists with the same number of layers and symmetry.
Cf. Ramsdell-style notation for chlorite

A method commonly used for chlorite where a set of related polytypes is designated by a single name, usually a species name (e.g., clinochlore, chamosite) or the group name (in this case, chlorite), followed by a structural symbol suffix that defines the layer stacking differences. Unlike the Ramsdell-style notation for phyllosilicates, the chlorite notation was developed for one-layer polytypes; although multi-layer chlorite polytypes are known, they are rare. The first part of the symbolism (I or II) designates the orientation of the interlayer sheet, the italicized second part (a or b) describes how the interlayer sheet cations project on to the hexagonal ring of the adjacent 2:1 layer, and the third part (1 through 6) indicates how the next 2:1 layer resides relative to the interlayer sheet. Although there are 24 possible combinations of regular one-layer polytypes, only 12 of these are unique. A dash separates the second and third parts of the symbol, when the third part can be determined. Some polytypes do not have 2:1 layers that are symmetrically disposed about the interlayer, in which case the second part of the symbol may be given as ab or ba. Examples: clinochlore-IIb-4, chamosite-Ibb, pennantite-Ia.
Cf. Ramsdell-style notation

See birnessite.

A poorly defined material, possibly an altered biotite or interlayer-deficient biotite.

The order of a reaction is empirically observed and determined by the sum of the powers of the concentrations of the rate equation. If the rate of a reaction, R, is proportional to the concentration of one species, R = k[A], where k = constant and [A] = concentration of species A, then this is a first-order reaction. A second-order reaction may have a rate equation of R = k[A][B] for two reactants, A and B, and the powers of each sum to 1 + 1 = 2. Sometimes, the rate determining step can be deduced from knowing the reaction order of a series of reactions.

The reciprocal lattice, first constructed by P. Ewald, involves a set of points, each of which represents a set of planes in space, 1/d from the origin. The value of d is the spacing between a set of planes in a unit cell. This lattice is useful to better visualize a diffraction pattern and its geometric relationship to the unit cell of the crystal under study. The relationship is obtained from the modified Bragg equation (1/d_hkl = 2sinθ/λ), which is the condition where a possible X-ray reflection can occur. Thus, the point located at 1/d represents the cross-section of the pole of this set of planes, hkl, and corresponds to a possible X-ray reflection from the crystal. The unit cell as determined by the reciprocal lattice (referred to as the “reciprocal unit cell”), by construction, is defined in relation to the unit cell of the atomic structure (referred to as a the “direct cell” or “real cell”) of the crystal under study: a* is perpendicular to the plane containing b and c, b* is perpendicular to the plane containing a and c, and c* is perpendicular to the plane containing a and b, where the * (referred to as “star”, as in “a star”, “b star”, etc.) indicates a reciprocal lattice measurement.
Cf., crystallographic axis, Bragg’s law

a) Senso stricto. solid-state transformation(s) of crystalline material to another crystalline material. In this process, larger, more defect-free grains result than the predecessor grains. Although the bulk composition does not change, the resultant assemblage may be of the same mineralogy or different (e.g., polymorphs) mineralogy. In rocks, this is a mechanism by which plastic deformation can ultimately produce, via recrystallization, an assemblage of strain-free grains. It is unclear if recrystallization is truly “solid state” because the process may involve the formation in inter-granular fluid films. A “secondary recrystallization” also can result where there is an increase in particle size of grains by subsuming neighbors. It is unlikely that clay minerals transform in this manner; low-temperature transformations involving clays usually require the presence of water.

b) Senso lato. Conversion of pre-existing chemical and mineralogical composition (either crystalline, poorly crystalline, or amorphous) either to new crystalline material of the same mineralogy or to a new phase assemblage, commonly involving limited amounts of aqueous fluids. For clays, the crystal-surface energy to crystal volume is reduced to drive recrystallization, even at low temperatures.
See Ostwald ripening