See calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) in Part 1.

An obsolete term for biotite.

A poorly defined material, possibly altered biotite.

A poorly defined material, possibly paragonite and muscovite or paragonite.

A poorly defined material, possibly an altered chlorite found as infillings in cavities in basic igneous rocks.

The lowest (minimum temperature) point of a liquid field in a phase diagram.
Cf., phase diagram

The Ewald sum is an approximate method used to calculate the long-range portion of a potential energy term (e.g., electrostatic) in classical simulations where periodic boundary conditions are used. Energy terms at distances less than a defined cutoff value are calculated directly in real space. However, for distances greater than this cutoff (extending to infinite distance), the energy terms are calculated in reciprocal space.

The inactive ingredient in a pharmaceutical product. The excipient, often clay, may be the vehicle for the active principle or may be added to improve the physical appearance, taste, smell, or smoothness of a drug or to promote disintegration (time release) of capsules or pills.
Cf., active principle

a) In clay science, exfoliation involves a degree of separation of the layers of a host structure where units, either individual layers or stacking of several layers, are isotropically dispersed (freely oriented and independent) in a solvent or polymer matrix (Bergaya et al., 2011). This may be achieved by intercalation, by mechanical means, or by other methods. Where delamination or exfoliation cannot be distinguished, use “intercalation” or “delamination/exfoliation” to describe the process. See intercalation, delamination, 1:1 layer, 2:1 layer. (From AIPEA Nomenclature Committee, 2011, unpublished)

b) a process of physical weathering where large granitic plutons break into onion-like sheets along joints that lie parallel to the exposed surface.

A thermodynamic property that depends upon the amount (e.g., number of moles) of a substance, for example, internal energy, E.
Cf., intensive property