The process by which a clay unit deforms as a result of drainage of pore water with non-equilibrium pressure produced by loading. During consolidation loading, the positive non-equilibrium pore water pressure causes water to flow out of the soil, resulting in a decrease in soil volume, also called consolidation settlement. The process of consolidation is usually accompanied by an increase in effective stress. This is different from drained shearing. In general, the loading rate for consolidation must be much smaller than drained shearing.
Cf., drained shearing, effective stress

For polymer nanocomposites, the volume around nanoparticles where the degree of freedom of movement of the polymer has been lowered. This region involves the interaction between the polymer and nanoparticle and is distinguished by having properties that are different from the bulk polymer properties. The volume of this region is dependent upon the strength of the interaction of the polymer and nanoparticle and the flexibility of the polymer. The concept, for example, explains why a gas diffusion coefficient of a polymer nanocomposite may differ from the bulk polymer. Gas diffusion may also be affected by the arrangement of clay particles that leads to a “tortuous path” and a reduction of diffusion through the nanocomposite.

A reaction vessel with inlet and outlet flow and whose contents are stirred. CSTRs are commonly operated at steady state, but they may alos function transiently.
Cf., batch reactor, chemostat, plug flow reactor

In soil science, soil or sand contraction involves the volumetric reduction of a saturated clayey soil or sand body by drained shearing. For a soft, normally consolidated or lightly over consolidated saturated clayey soil subject to drained shearing, pore water generally flows out of the soil (or sand) owing to shearing-induced positive excess pore water pressure, and hence its total volume decreases, indicative of contraction behavior.
Cf., dilation

A Li-bearing member of the chlorite group, with an ideal composition of (Li,Al₄)(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₈. The octahedral sheet of the 2:1 layer is dioctahedral and the interlayer is trioctahedral, therefore this is a di,trioctahedral chlorite. The common polytype is based on the Ia structure.
Cf., chlorite

See zussmanite.

See hollandite.

A regular interstratification of trioctahedral chlorite-like layers with either trioctahedral smectite-like or trioctahedral vermiculite-like layers, the former being “low-charge corrensite” and the latter “high-charge corrensite”. The ratio of chlorite-like layers to smectite-like or vermiculite-like layers is 1:1 (Guggenheim et al., 2006). Corrensite occurrences are from low temperature environments, such as evaporites, saline deposits, sedimentary rocks, weathering zones, hydrothermal systems, burial diagenesis, low grade metamorphic regimes, and some contact metamorphic zones. Beaufort et al. (1997) discussed corrensite possibly as a regular mixed-layer structure involving a continuous series from smectite (or vermiculite) to chlorite or alternatively, as a single phase with a regular alteration of chlorite and smectite (or vermiculite) layers, with a stability field. If the latter, mixtures that deviate from 1:1 ratios of interstratified layers would require physical mixtures of appropriate layers of corrensite and chlorite.

An obsolete term for margarite.

An obsolete term for low-Si (and variable amounts of Fe₂O₃) chlorite.